The Scotch-Irish: A Social History by James Leyburn is the most-recommended book on this subject. We covered this in a thread called Scots-Irish Music last year with much info. Below are a few facts from it.
The Ulster Scots were English-speaking PROTESTANT Lowlanders (of mixed ethnicities with elements of Scots, English and Norse) recruited as loyalists to run the Ulster Plantations in the 17th century, thereby displacing the native Irish. They were successful at first in cultivating the land and prospered, and were in an ascendancy of Presbyterianism, which greatly increased their educational levels, including farming techniques, building of schools etc.. In Scotland, they had never drained many of the wetlands, lived as tenant farmers, and were frequently uprooted by landlords to keep them in subjugation. Also, the Border areas they lived on had been a battleground for hundreds of years, and skirmishing, cattle-stealing and pillage were hereditary behaviors. Consequently, in Scotland, they had little education (less literacy than the Highlanders, supposedly), few towns and little social organization, other than family associations, which were clans but in different context and cultural attributes than the Highlanders.
After several generations in Ireland, economic conditions (rack-renting by landlords, I think) led to a migration of several hundred thousand of them (often retaining family clans in settlements) to the American Colonies between the years of 1715-1780. Not all were poor, though they were quite distinct and considered as rabble by the Americans. Almost all came through Philadelphia (Boston basically wouldn’t allow em in), colonized parts of Pennsylvania, then mostly pushed south, most famously in Appalachian regions, always seeking or taking cheaper lands. In later years, they pushed West as well, especially through Missouri and on to California (Texas too). They were famous for squatting, never staying put, personal and social violence, rugged individualism and social anarchy contrasted by a tendency toward litigiousness. Many fought in the Rev War, though not even native born, yet were among the first to rebel against the new American govt (Whisky rebellion).
At first they were called Irish and considered themselves as such. But in later generations, as Catholic Irish came to the US, the term SCOTCH-IRISH (yes, with the H) was adopted to distinguish themselves.Its an American term, and Leyburn urged adoption of Ulster Scots, as the most accurate appellation, especially since there was little inter-marriage with the Irish. The term SCOTS-Irish has become more popular in last few decades since people started getting into their heritages here.
These are all arguable generalizations (so don’t start flaming ME), but there is a wealth of annotated info to be had in Leyburn’s book as well as comparative cultural info between them versus New Englanders, Quakers and Virginia cavaliers (all British Isle cultures to America before 1800) in genealogy backgrounder’s Bible, “Albion’s Seed” by David Hackett Fischer.
If you are Scots-Irish, there will be little of kilts, Highland music or Gaelic tongue in recent family history (other than adversarial!), but it always is instructive to learn of this background as its a huge component in American character. And it sure doesn’t mean you can’t enjoy all of Scottish culture, as well as the Donegal styles. It is asserted that the Ulster Scots brought the reel to Ireland, though it seems impossible to absolutley prove such a huge musical event as happening via one migration (lots of sea crossing back and forth thru history, including original Scoti from Ireland to Scotland). The Ulster Scots certainly brought the reel to America, where it flourished and changed some. Thomas Jefferson loved to play reels and you see that half of the migration occurred within his lifetime.
“You’ll take my gun when you pry it from my cold dead fingers” is as accurate a Scots-Irish sentiment as I can find in the US.
The Weekender, gggrandson of Margaret Ferguson Langin, of Ulster via NB, Canada.