There are different potential topics under the OP’s umbrella.
One is the topic of the adult beginner. In the Highland pipe world the general feeling among teachers is that adult beginners rarely become proficient. There are teachers who won’t take on adult beginners.
I have seen a few adult beginners become good pipers. They have shared these attributes:
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prior high-level music experience (for example one was a good drummer, two were trumpet majors at university, one was a professional pianist)
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fanatical dedication
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excellent instruction
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ample practice time (these people all practiced daily, some of them four to six hours a day).
In the uilleann world a prime example is Eric Rigler, who took up the uilleann pipes as an adult. However he had been playing Highland pipes since a youngster and had achieved a very high level on that instrument. Upon taking up the uilleann pipes he spent tremendous amounts of time practicing and was taking high-level instruction. Within a couple years he was a professional-level uilleann piper.
Then there’s the topic of the role of talent v work ethic. As with adult beginners, the people in general who excel have both the talent and the work ethic.
The professional flutist James Galway has often spoken of this, saying that early on he became aware that he had been given the gift of unusual talent for the flute, and that he felt that it was his duty to do his part and put in the work to develop that gift to its fullest.